< PreviousTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Electrical equipment Mobile equipment electrical equipment which is moved while in operation or which can easily be moved from one place to another whilst connected to the supply.Sometimescalled‘Portableequipment’ Transportable equipment electrical equipment which is placed in position but not normally moved when connected to the supply Elements of structure load-bearing part of the building including external or compartment walls, any beam, column, floororgallery(butnotaloadinggallery,flygallery, grid, lighting bridge or any similar gallery provided for access or maintenance purposes) Embodied energy totalenergyconsumedinthemanufacture,shipping,useandfinal disposal of a product Emergency lightingsee Lighting Entertainment areathat part of the premises which is constructed and arranged for use for entertainments including any stage or auditorium. Also known as a ‘Performancespace’ Escape lighting see Lighting Escape routeway from anywhere in the building to a final exit. Outside of rooms escape routes are normally enclosed by fire-resisting construction Escape route signsign indicating the way out of a building in an emergency; formerly known as an exit sign EVCEvacuation Voice Communication system Exit (door)door or opening leading from a room or enclosure that may be occupied by people Exit signsee Escape route sign Fail safearrangement whereby in the event of failure the equipment and/or functionassumeasafeconfiguration.Examplesintheeventinclude (a)electrical failure, movement is brought to a controlled halt; (b)electrical or mechanical failure, a hold open device releases a firedoor to the closed position; (c)electrical or mechanical failure, a lock releases False prosceniumarrangements of scenery forming an arch immediately behind the proscenium opening; see Teaser and Tormenter FAWFirst Aid at Work (3-day course) Festoon tabs curtainsfixedatthetopandraised(opened)bydrawingthebottom upwards and towards the top and/or sides, sometimes referred to as a reefer curtain; see House tabs Fibre ropes naturalfibreropesmaybehemporsisal,man-madefibreropewillbe, forexample,ofpolyester.Otherfibreropesaremanufacturedbutshould not be used in theatre; see LinesTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Figure of eightknot that stops a rope running through a pulley, or stops a fraying rope fraying further Final exittermination of an escape route from a building giving direct access to a place of safety Fire brigade operationalarmofthefireauthority;thepeoplewhoattendtofightfires. InLondonthefireauthorityisoftencalledthefirebrigade Fire doordoor or shutter together with its frame and furniture designed to resist the passageoffireandsmokewhenclosedwhich,iftestedunderthe conditions of test for door assemblies as prescribed in BS 476-22 and BS 476-31.1 as appropriate or the conditions of test contained in the British Standard in force at the time of the manufacture of the door, would satisfy the criteria for integrity for not less than 30 minutes or for such longer period as may be required Fireproofed treatmentofscenicelementswithflameretardantchemicalsinorderto slowthespreadoffire;seeFlame-retarded fabric Fire-resisting construction ability of a component of a building to satisfy some or all of the criteria specifiedinBS 476 Parts 21-24 or the conditions of test contained in BS 476 in force at the time of the construction of the premises or at the time of bringing the premises into use as a place of entertainment relating to load bearing capacity, integrity and, where appropriate, insulation for not less than 30 minutes or for such longer period as may be required. See Table 1 Fire-separatedseparated by fire-resisting construction Table 1. Recommended minimum performance requirements for fire-resisting construction Minimum performance: 30 minutes Elements of structure:minimumperformance:60minutes Element Requirements for load-bearing capacity, integrity and insulation Load-bearing walls Equal compliance for load-bearing capacity, integrity and insulation from either side Non-load-bearing walls Equal compliance for integrity and insulation from either side Floors Compliance for load-bearing capacity, integrity and insulation from the lower side Doors Equal compliance for integrity from either side [except doors to lift wells exposed from landing side only] Glazing Equal compliance for integrity and insulation from either side. There are limitations on use if glazing does not offer insulationTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Fire warning and alarm system minimum system provides break-glass call points which sound the evacuationsignalwhenoperated.Afirewarningandalarmsystemmay include means to: • detect afirebymeansofautomaticfiredetectorsandbreak-glasscall points; • reportdetails to a control panel with or without repeater panels; • alertby broadcasting an automatic alert signal by means of sounders or voice message • evacuate by broadcasting an automatic evacuation signal by means of sounders or voice messages; • callthe fire authority automatically by telephone; • trigger theoperationofauxiliarysystemssuchastheoperationoffire/smoke dampers Note: The minimal system would not normally be acceptable except in the very smallest of premises Fit-upprocess of arrangement of constructional units which can be put together and taken apart in a relatively short time and which can be transported from place to place and set up to form a stage etc. sometimes in premises not equipped for the performance of stage plays. Time required ranges from hours to weeks according to circumstance Flame-retarded fabric has been tested using the methods in BS 5438: 1976 Tests 2A (face ignition)and2B(bottomignition)usinga10secondflameapplication time in each case. The results of tests on the fabric shall show that nopartofanyholenorthelowestboundaryofanyflamingreachedthe upper or either vertical edge of the specimen and that there was no separationofanyflamingdebris.(Thisperformancestandardisakinto that set out in BS 5867-2: 2008) Durably-treated flame-retarded fabric hasbeenchemicallytreatedtorenderitflame-retarded.Priortothe ignitability tests set out above the fabric is subjected to the appropriate wetting or cleansing procedure set out in BS 5651: 1978. After this washing or cleansing procedure, the fabric shall meet the performance standard for flame-retarded fabric set out above Inherently flame-retarded fabric althoughnotnon-combustibleandnotsubjectedtoanyflame-retarding processorfinish,meetstheperformancestandardforflame-retarded fabric set out above throughout its thickness. The BS 5651: 1978 ‘durability’ procedure can be omitted before testing fabrics composed entirely of thermoplastic materials such as nylon, polyester or modacrylic, towhichaflame-retardingtreatmenthasnotbeenapplied Flat unitsectionofflatscenery,oftenintheformofatallscreenofcanvas stretched upon a wooden or metal frame Fleet angleby which the rope is displaced from being at a right angle to the axis of the pulley or drumTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Flight casesrugged, rigid, wheeled enclosures usually specially constructed required for the transport of delicate equipment such as speakers, luminaires and clothes. Often known as ‘Road boxes’ Flipper smallpieceofflatscenery,usuallyhingedtoalargerpieceofflatscenery Floats (Footlights)trough at the very front of the stage for placing lights and other equipment so as not to obscure the audience view of actors’ feet and floor Flown suspendedonlinesasdistinctfromstandingonthestageflooror hangingofffixedrails Fly (Flying)to raise above the level of the stagefloorbymeansofsetsoflines run from the stage grid Flying ironmetal plate with a hinged ring, used for scenery suspension Flys (Flies)1)galleries running above the stage (and usually at right angles to the proscenium)fromwheretheflyingsystemisoperatedand/orproviding lightingpositionsincludingworking,lightingandintermediateflysand loading and fly galleries 2)space between galleries in which scenery is hung 3)Flys (Flies) as an abbreviation for Fly gallery Fly galleryextending along the sidewall of the stage, some distance above the stagefloor,fromwhichthemachineryusedinflyingsceneryisoperated. This machinery may be manually operated or automatic; also known as the‘Flyfloor’ Flyman(male or female) whose job is to raise and lower scenery by means of lines or counterweight systems which terminate at, or are operated from the fly rail.Alsousedfortheoperatorwhocontrolspower-operatedflying equipment Fly railheavy rail along the onstage side of the fly galleryfittedwithcleatsto which scenery suspensions may be made fast Fly-rail cleat metalorwoodfittingsecuredtoafly rail, to which a rope can be easily made fast; see Belaying pin Fly towerelevated loft above the stage into which scenic pieces can be hoisted outofviewandstoredbymeansoftheflyingsystem.Generallyatleast twice the height of the proscenium opening, with often three times the height required for repertory theatres. Contains galleries such as loading, intermediate and fly gallery Floorincludes tier or balcony and, where the context permits, ground FOHfront of house Follow spotmanually operated narrow high intensity spotlight used to follow lead performers during a production; formally known as limes from limelight Food premisesareas of the premises where food is stored, processed or served Foot ironmetal bracket used with a stage screw or stage weight to secure scenery or a stage brace in position TECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Forestageportion of the stagefloorinfrontofthecurtainline;generallyformsthe upstage edge of the orchestra pit; see Apron French bracetriangular frame hinged to the back of a piece of standing scenery and foldedflatforstorage French flatarrangement of several flatsbattenedtogetherandflownasoneuniton a set of lines (also known as a ‘Frenchman’) Front of house (FoH)to denote any and all areas designated for public use. In FoH auditorium the part in front of the curtain line. (FoH lighting bridges and thrust stages are over public areas but inaccessible to the public) Gangwayclear unobstructed passageway from a seated area to an exit. The minimum clear width of a gangway should be 1100mm; this may need to be increased where large numbers of people can discharge into the gangway quickly Gauze flatcurtainoffine-meshmosquitostylenettingorsimilarfabric,either painted or (cloth) unpainted, which when lit solely from the front appears to be opaque but when lit solely from behind becomes transparent. Used for a transformation scene or other illusions. A fabric known as shark’s tooth is also used for this purpose; see Scrim G-Clamp castormouldedfixingforattachinglightingfittingstobarsorbarrels. Generally for luminaires on 48.2mm (1 7/8”) diameter bars. Not to be used for suspending scenery. Also called a hook-clamp Gel commonnameforafilterinfrontofthelightbeamalteringcolouror density Get-in/outprocess of placing a production in the theatre and removing it when finishedtoleaveabarestage; see Fit up. Also refers to the related backstage areas such as dock doors, access doors, lifts and parking area Glue size(obsolete) surface preparation used prior to painting or paper-hanging to provide a paint and adhesive-friendly surface; rarely used these days Goboused to alter the shape or pattern of a light beam Goingsee Stairs Grave trap(obsolete) oblong trap, usually downstage centre (DSC) used for making actors appear and/or disappear during the course of the performance Green roofsometimes known as a living roof, is the roof of a building covered with vegetationandagrowingmedium,plantedoverawaterproofing membrane. They may serve several purposes including absorbing rain-water, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife and helping to lower urban air temperatures Green roomcommunal room, generally close to the stage, where performers and others involved in the performance may prepare and wait before being required on stage. Relaxation area after the performance or rehearsals Grey waterwaste water from all sources in a building other than toiletsTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Gridframework of steel or timber beams and joists at high level over the stage providing access over the stage for technical operations and to support pulleysforlinesusedinflyingscenery Grid block pulleyblockformountingonthegridfloor,usedforsuspensionlinesor for spotting a line; see Droppulley and Head block Ground floorfinal exit level, from which there is direct access to the place of safety Ground planscaled plan of the stage on which is marked the position of scenery and technical equipment such as lighting, sound and projection Ground-row a) low-toppedpieceofscenery,usuallyflat,profiledandpainted,and designed to stand up independently on the stage, for example ground foliage, a bank of earth or a distant mountain range b)set of lights at stage level Grummet metalfittingresemblingasaddleforattachingthetopofaflownflattoits suspensionrope.Thisallowstheweightoftheflattobecarriedbythe bottomrailandkeepstheflatreasonablyvertical Hand linesingle hand-operated rope, usually for spot line effect Handrail, midway handrailbetweenthe(top)handrailandthefloorintendedtoaidchildren, theinfirmandtheelderlywhenwalkingonstairs,rampsandalonglong corridors Hanging iron metalfitting,formedintoasquarehookatoneend,usedinflyingflats and other framed pieces Hauling lineused by the flyman in a counterweighted system to move the counterweightcradletopositionapieceofflownsceneryorgenerically any line used to lift an object to height Haystack lantern-light form of natural ventilator with outward opening sashes often found over separated stages; so called because the shape resembles a haystack. See Figure V Head blockcomprising two or more sheaves for suspension lines set together either in line or parallel to each other on a common shaft and attached to the grid or fly towersoffit(underside)directlyabovethefly gallery. Lines from three or more loft blocks (droppulleys) in a set are brought together at the head block Head rail timbertoprailofaflat Health & Safety Executive enforcement agency for the Health and Safety At Work etc Act 1974. However HSE usually delegates the enforcement of health, safety and welfare within entertainment premises to the local Council. HSE remains responsible for some activities such as lasers and for particular premises such as theatres which belong to the Council Health & Safety Inspector inspector locally responsible for the enforcement of the Health and Safety At Work etc Act 1974 Note: Localauthorityofficersaregenerallyresponsiblefortheenforcementof legislation within entertainment premises but the HSE is responsible for some activities and for particular premisesTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Height(of a route) clear unobstructed heightmeasuredfromfinishedfloorlevelorfromthe pitch line of the stair (of a barrier) measuredfromfinishedfloor level or pitch line of the stair Hemp ropeusedforflyingscenerymadefromnaturalorman-madefibresas distinctfromsteelwireropesusedinacounterweightflyingsystem Hemp flying ropeflyingoperatedbyhand,usuallywithnocounterweight Hemp house theatreequippedonlywithadirectliftflyingsystemasagainsta counterweighted or automated system High-risk foodwill readily support the multiplication of pathogenic bacteria (food poisoning organisms) and is intended for consumption without treatment (for example cooking as distinct from reheating) that would destroy suchorganisms.High-riskfoodincludesallcookedmeat,fish,poultry and cooked meat products including gravy and stock, dairy produce includingmilk,cream,artificialcreamandcustards,cookedeggsand productsmadewitheggs(excludingpastriesandcakes)andshellfish Hook clampsee G-clamp House borderadjustable height decorative pelmet suspended immediately in front of the house tabs House lightingsee Lighting House Tabs (curtains) main curtains in a theatre, usually decorative and heavy. May be drawn (opened horizontally), swagged (opened so as to form bunches at the high level corners of the proscenium) or guillotined (opened vertically); derived from tableau curtains; see Festoon tabs HSEHealth & Safety Executive ICELIndustry Committee for Emergency Lighting (part of the Lighting Industry Federation) ILP InstitutionofLightingProfessionalswww.theilp.org.uk Impaired mobilitysee People with impaired mobility Invertical travel towards the stagesothatflownscenicelementsareinview of the audience Insetsmall scene set within a larger one Internally illuminated sign lit from the rear or on edge or integrally illuminated Inspect/inspectioncarry out a visual inspection accompanied by such other tests as may be necessary, in the opinion of the competent person carrying out the inspection, to enable the completion of a certificate of (satisfactory) condition Ironsee Safety curtainTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT IWB InternallyWiredBar.48.2mm(17/8”)diameterbarwithfixedsocket outlets for connection to luminaires and the like Jigger rammethod of increasing the stroke of a hydraulic ram by utilising a block and tackle between the ram and the object to be moved Kabuki drop clothsorcurtainsthatdroptothefloorprovidingswiftandsudden reveal(s) exposing hidden scenic elements Keystonesmall piece of plywood in the wedge shape of an architectural keystone, used to reinforce joints in scenery Lamp lifeaverage period of time that the lamp remains effective. Various manufacturers provide such details of their products Lantern1)haystack lantern for the smoke escape and ventilation opening located in the roof of the fly tower 2)(stage) lighting luminaireorlightfitting Lantern-light see Haystack lantern-light LASERLight AmplificationbyStimulated Emission of Radiation, a device which amplifiesaninputoflight,producinganextremelynarrowsynchronised and monochromatic beam Lash cleatsee Throwline cleat; Lashline see Throwline; Lashline eye see Grummet Lavatoryroom or cubicle provided with a water closet and/or urinal - see also Toilet LEDLight Emitting Diode Legvertical length of unframed canvas or other fabric used in place of a wing flat;seeBorder Licensedpremisessee Premises, licensed Licenseeholder of a premiseslicence(orclubpremisescertificate)forregulated entertainment Licensing authorityauthority designated to issue a licence for regulated entertainment in accordance with the Licensing Act 2003 (generally the local authority) Liftsection of stagefloorthatcanberaised,loweredortiltedtoprovide differing levels of acting area, or to enable changes of setting to be made in the stage basement; also known as a ‘Stage bridge’ or ‘Elevator’ Lifts Evacuation lifts used to evacuate people, which can be controlled by authorised persons andhaveappropriatestructural,mechanical,electricalandfire protection Firefighting lifts withappropriatefireprotection,includingcontrolsunderdirectcontrolof thefirerescueserviceintheeventofafire Lighting Emergency lighting provided for use in the event of the failure of the normal lighting system. Emergency lighting includes escape lightingTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Escape lighting that part of the emergency lighting which is provided to ensure that the escape routes are illuminated at all material times; see also Emergency lighting House lighting lighting used in an entertainment area or auditorium, typically a mixture of normal lighting, decorative lighting and emergency lighting. It may containspecificnavigationallightingandmayincludefeaturessuchas chandeliers. House lighting is usually used whenever there is an audience in the performance space but is dimmed or partly switched off during the event Maintained emergency lighting emergency lighting system in which all the emergency lighting lamps are illuminated at all material times Note:This is in contrast to a non-maintained system where the lamps are switched on in the event of the failure of the normal supply Management lighting combination of the emergency lighting and that part of the normal lighting which, in the absence of adequate daylight, is intended to facilitate safe movement about the premises Note:In closely-seated auditoria this would be the usual performance mode Non-maintained emergency lighting lighting system in which the emergency lighting lamps are automatically switched on in the event of the failure of the normal supply Normal lighting all permanently installed electric lighting operating from the normal supply which, in the absence of adequate daylight, is intended for use during the whole time that the premises are occupied Note:Normal lighting does not include emergency lighting, purely decorative lighting and stage or performance lighting Stage lighting designed, usually by a specialist, to suit the artistic needs of the event. It may contain permanent and temporary elements and may change to suit the event. Stage lighting is typically focused over the stage or performance area and is usually used only during the time the entertainmentistakingplace;alsoknownas‘Performancelighting’ Stage working lights lightingcomprising‘fituplights’and‘performanceworkinglights’(often called ‘Blues’.) Fit up lights provide bright functional illumination for staffwhilstbuildingsets,cleaningorrehearsing.Performanceworking lights provide discreet navigational and task lighting during performances Limit switchlimits movement of driven equipment to a predetermined position (normally a mechanically operated electrical switch in a winch power or control circuit arranged to stop the drive when a predetermined position is reached). Normal working limits allow subsequent movement in the opposite direction Limit switch – direct struck limit switch actuated directly by a moving object such as a stage elevatorTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Limit – overtravel limitswitch(oftenpartofasystem)fixedbeyondthenormalrangeof movementtoactifthenormaltravellimit(s)failtooperate.Preferably acting through a separate part of the power or control circuit, and usually stopping all movement to ensure that the fault on the normal limit(s) is investigated Linesropes used for suspension or repositioning of scenic elements. May be vegetablefibre,steelorsyntheticfibres:seeSet of lines, Brail, Spot line and Throwline Live voice alarm system provides automatic broadcast speech messages and warning signals with a facility for the transmission of live voice messages as well as automatically generated messages Loading gallery(narrow) gallery above the fly gallery used for storing and loading the weightsusedincounterweightflyingsystems Locking railon fly galleryorfloor;usedtoattachropelockstoholdthehaulinglines stationaryandtherebyholdtheflownscenicpieceinabalanced condition Loft block or Grid or Drop pulley sheave (pulley) in a metal frame bolted to the grid (block) or fly tower soffit(underside)orsecuredtotheroofsteelworkabovethegrid(drop pulley) and used to pass a suspension line, one pulley for each line in a set Louvrelouver, sloping slat Louvre ceilingarrangement of ceiling pieces, each hung on two sets of lines with the downstage edge higher than the upstage edge, so as to form a ceiling withgapsthroughwhichlightmaybeprojectedand/orsoundbereflected or absorbed LPGliquid petroleum gas LSO LaserSafetyOfficer Luminairegeneric term for lighting equipment, consisting of lamp(s) in a housing; see also Lantern 2 (stage) lighting luminaireorlightfitting Maintained emergency luminaire luminaire in which the emergency lighting lamps are energised at all times when normal or emergency lighting is required Self-contained emergency luminaire luminaire providing emergency lighting in which all the elements, such as the battery, the lamp, the control unit and any test and monitoring facilities are contained within the luminaire Note:A self-contained luminaire may be maintained or non-maintained. A self- contained emergency luminaire requires a normal supply to charge the battery Maintained emergency lighting see Lighting battery Maintained emergency luminaire see Luminaire Management lighting see LightingNext >