< PreviousTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT KEYTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Stage lightingsee Lighting Stage lighting control equipment that manages the stage lighting and often the house-lighting installations.Atypicallightingcontrolhasdefinablepresetsfordifferent uses as well as being changeable in real time. Also known as ‘Performancelightingcontrol’ Stage right totheactor’sright(theaudienceleft).AlsoknownasOP Stage screwlarge tapered wood screw with a ring handle, used to secure a foot iron tothestagefloor Stage weightslotted iron weight, normally rectangular, which can be set on the foot iron of a brace to hold it in position for speed in setting and striking instead of using a stage screw Stage working lightssee Lighting Stair, geometricalstair that is wholly or partially circular or elliptical in plan; includes winding, spiral and helical stairs Stairssee Figure C opposite Star trapdevice for rapidly accelerating a performer apparently through the stage. The doors of the trap are in the form of pointed triangles; see Trap Statically determinate and statically indeterminate standard structural engineering terms. Statically determinate is when a simple span carries a load, the reaction at both supports can easily be calculated by ‘taking moments’ around them. Statically indeterminate is when a supporting member has three or more supports (for example flyingsuspensionlines)whensuchcalculationsarerarelypossibleor accurate. This is particularly the case where loads are not uniformly distributed–oftenthecaseonaflyingbarortruss.Useofloadcellsis the only accurate method of establishing the load(s) per support in such cases Steps (treads)especially light portable stairway, normally in unit section for easy handling Stileside or upright member in the frame of a flat Stingerusually a wire rope sling used as a suspension for a hoist or other item. So called because the stinger gets fed up to the grid or roof without shackles or other items easily grasped. (The wire rope slips through the fingersand‘stings’thehands) Storey exitfinal exit or an exit door providing direct access to a protected corridor, protected stair,firefightinglobbyorexternalescape route Storm-watersurface drainage in excess of the normal volume Strapontina seat which is folded down to sit on and which usually contains a mechanism that will tip it back to the folded position whenever it is not being sat upon Striketake apart and remove from the acting area a set of scenery after it has been used, often at the end of an actTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Going (of a step) the horizontal distance from the front to the back of a tread discounting any overlap by the next tread above; usually measured as the horizontal distance between two consecutive risers (of a stair)the horizontal distance traversed by the stair; usually measured as the horizontaldistancebetweenthefirstandlastrisers inaflightofstairs Nosingthe projecting, usually rounded, edge of the step of a stair Pitch line (of a stair) the imaginary line connecting the apexes of the steps Rise(of a step) the vertical distance between two consecutive treads (of a stair) the vertical distance between the bottom and the top of the stair; usually measuredastheverticaldistancebetweenthefinishedfloor levels of the two floors connected by the stair Riser(vertical) front of a step Treadhorizontal surface of a stepTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Surface spread of flame see Table 2 Table 2. Surface spread of flame UK classification and European classification: approximate equivalents National class (to BS 476)European class (to BS EN 13501) 0 B-s3, d2 1 C-s3, d2 2 — 3 D-s3, d2 Note:Aclassificationincluding‘s3,d2’meansthereisnosetlimitforsmokeproductionand/or flamingdroplets/particles Surroundset of legs hung from a curved or angle bar to form the sides and background to an acting area Swaglooped-up curtain, border or leg. Swags are lifted from the centre bottom corner towards the outer top corner; method of opening house tabs Swivel armsee Boom arm SWLSafe Working Load.Themaximumloadascertifiedbyacompetent person which may be carried under particular service conditions (legal definition:specifiedbyacompetentpersononbehalfoftheemployer) System luminous efficacy quantity of light a light source emits per watt of electrical power of energy consumed by the lighting circuit when operating and supplied by mains electricity at 230V Tapered stiles ofatallflattaperedinwidthtowardsthetoptoreduceweightandwhip whentheflatismoved Tableau curtains (Tabs) house and similar curtains which can be opened to reveal a scene; see Draw tabs, Festoon tabs and House tabs Teaserborder hung between the tormentors, just behind the proscenium opening; see also Permanent masking Technical areasspaces to which access is restricted to technicians and prohibited to the public. Technical areas include front of house lighting bridges, control rooms,flygalleriesandgrids. The stage including the wings and any under-stage area is the only technical area to which performers normally have access Technical rehearsalat which (all) technical aspects are run through Temporaryintended to be decommissioned and/or dismantled Theatre-in-the-round theatre with central, or arena, stage and audience on all sides Thicknesssee ReturnTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Throwlinelength of cord attached by a cleat to a piece of scenery and used to secure the piece to an adjacent piece Throwline cleat metalfittingattachedtoaflatorotherpiece,roundwhichthethrowline is passed when securing adjacent pieces together Thrust stageprojects into the auditorium, often with seating arranged on three sides Thyristora semi-conductor device, often used for dimming lamps TMVthermostatic mixing valves Toggle rail (archaic)moveablehorizontalmemberintheframeofaflat,betweenthe top rail and the bottom rail Toggle shoe timbermountfixedbetweenthetogglerailandthestileofaflat Toiletlavatory provided with a washbasin; see also Lavatory Tormentormasking element, usually substantial (and often placed immediately behind the proscenium opening) used to mask the offstage edges of the setting Track (Curtain track)rails from which curtains are hung, along which they may move Trapopening (usually in the stagefloor)generallywithamechanismtoraise andloweractors.Thetrapcoverslidesovertoformacontinuousfloor when not in use Travel distanceactual length of an escape route from anywhere in the premises to the nearest storey or final exit taking account of the layout of walls, partitions,fixedseatingandotherfittings Treadssee Steps Trick linehand-operated line used for the production of any particular effect, usuallyemployingveryfineorsmalllines(monofilament) Trimprocess of hanging a scenic unit usually so that it is parallel with the (stage)floor Trim chain(short) length of chain used to adjust and maintain level such as attaching the top batten of a clothtoaflyingbar Trim (dead)level off a piece of suspended scenery at the required height for and during a performance Trip/Tumbleraise the bottom of a drop or other suspended scenery, using an auxiliary set of lines, so as to make it occupy a space approximately half its height;trippingisresortedtoonstageswherethereisnotsufficient height above the stagefloortoliftthecompleteunitoutofsightonone set of lines Trucksee Wagon Trusslatticed girder of steel or aluminium welded construction of square or triangular section used for supporting temporary lighting or scenic elements. Stronger and more rigid than a Bar/Barrel/Pipe Tumbleto roll up a cloth,andspecificallytopreventitfrombeingcreased Tumbler battenorrollerfixedtothebottomedgeintowhichtheclothcanberolled upwards when not in useTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT Upstagefurthest away from the audience. To move upstage means to move away from the audience Velariumceiling cloth, not stretched or battened out, but hanging as a canopy Vestibuleantechamber, lobby or entrance hall. Small room just inside the entrance to a building, forming a screen or projection to a larger room or hall VF ventricularfibrillationoccurswhentheelectricalactivityoftheheart becomes so chaotic that the heart stops pumping and quivers or ‘fibrillates’instead Viewing distance(greatest) distance at which a sign is required to be conspicuous and intelligible – or, if a text only sign, conspicuous and legible Voice sounderdevice that broadcasts pre-recorded digitally-recorded speech messages (equivalent to a bell system but using speech) Volume regulatory device see Sound limiters Vomitoryentry or exit built into the gradient of the seating area providing access to and from the auditorium VRDvolume regulatory device Wagon1)large truck, usually guided, on which sets are assembled and moved on and off the stage when required; 2)vehicle in which scenery is transported (often between venues) Wall frame steelframeworkfittedtothesidewallofthestage,usedasthemounting for a counterweight system Whipping bindingtheendofafibreropetopreventitfromfrayingorbecoming unlaid Width (of an escape route) unobstructed width of the escape route measured at 1500mm above floor levelbetweenthefinishedwallsurfacesoranyfixedobstructions. Handrails may be ignored so long as these do not project more than 100mm into the escape route. Any string or skirting may be ignored so long as it does not project more than 30mm into the escape route Note:Handrails may project more than 100mm but any projection in excess of 100mm should be treated as a reduction in the clear width of the escape route (of a doorway) clear width measured between the leaves (or, if a single door, the leaf and the doorstop or frame) of the doors when open at right angles to the frame. Door furniture may be ignored if the door opens more than 90º to the frame. See Figure J (of a seatway) distance between perpendiculars dropped from the front of a seat including any armrests and the back of the seat in front or the barrier in front. Where seats tip up automatically, the width of the seatway is TECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A3 Definitions and Explanations © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT measured from the maximum projection of the seat including any armrests, when the seat is in the ‘up’ position. See Figure N Winch(wire) rope winding mechanism for moving or lifting scenic or other elements such as curtains, acoustic panels etc. May be powered or manually operated Window unit windowframewithsashesmadetofitintoascenicflat Wingsoff-stage spaces to left and right of the acting area Wing set (Backcloth and wing set) comprising backcloth (or cyclorama) and pairs of wings with borders above. Sometimes cut cloths are used in the place of wings and border such as for a woodland scene Wire ropessteel wires twisted together into strands, which in turn are twisted together round a wire or fibre rope core Work lightingsee Stage working lightsTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A4 References © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT This section lists all references to British Standards followed by the references to all the other publications cited in The Technical Standards together with some additional information. BRITISH STANDARDS The references to British Standards include any equivalent European Standards. These are generally the most up-to-date version. However with existing buildings it may be better to use the earlier standards which can generally be obtained from BSI. British Standards and harmonised European Standards are obtainable from the British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London, W4 4AL www.bsigroup.com/shop A4 References BS 476 series:Fire tests on building materials and structures BS 476-6: Method of test for firepropagationforproducts BS 476-7: Method of test to determinetheclassification ofthesurfacespreadofflame of products BS 476-21: Methods for determinationofthefire resistance of loadbearing elements of construction BS 476-22: Methods for determinationofthefire resistance of non-loadbearing elements of construction BS 476-23: Methods for determination of the contribution of components to thefireresistanceofa structure BS 476-24:Method of determinationofthefire resistance of ventilation duct BS 476-31.1: Methods for measuring smoke penetration through doorsets and shutter assemblies. Method of measurement under ambient temperature conditions BS 546: Specification.Two-pole and earthing-pin plugs, socket- outlets and socket-outlet adaptors BS 644: Timber windows and doorsets.Fullyfinishedfactory- assembled windows and doorsets ofvarioustypes.Specification BS 779 series: Specificationforcastironboilers for central heating and indirect hot water supply (output 44kW and above rating) BS 853-1: Specificationfor vessels for use in heating systems.Calorifiersandstorage vessels for central heating and hot water supply BS 855: Specificationforwelded steel boilers for central heating and indirect hot water supply (rated output 44kW to 3MW) BS 1363 series: 13 A plugs, socket-outlets, adaptors and connection units BS 1363-1: Specificationfor rewirable and non-rewirable 13 A fused plugs BS 1363-2: Specificationfor 13 A switched and unswitched socket-outlets BS 1363-3: Specificationfor adaptors BS 1363-4: Specification for 13 A fused connection units switched and unswitched BS 2655 series: Specification for lifts, escalators, passenger conveyors and paternosters BS 2655-1: General requirements for electric, hydraulic and hand-powered lifts BS 2655-4: General requirements for escalators and passenger conveyors BS 2655-6: Building construction requirements BS 2655-8: Modernization or reconstruction of lifts, escalators and paternosters BS 2655-10: General requirements BS 4142: Method for rating and assessing industrial and commercial sound BS 4211: Specificationfor permanentlyfixedladders BS 4592:Industrialtypeflooring and stair treads BS 4678: Cable trunking BS 4678-2: Steelunderfloor (duct) trunking BS 4678-4: Specificationfor cable trunking made of insulating material BS 4790: Method for determination of the effects of a small source of ignition on textile floorcoverings(hotmetalnut method) BS 4873: Aluminium alloy windows and doorsets. Specification BS 5266 series: Emergency lighting BS 5266-1: Code of practice for the emergency lighting of premises BS 5266-2: Code of practice for electrical low mounted way guidance systems for emergency useTECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A4 References © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT BS 5266-4: Code of practice for design, installation, maintenance and useofopticalfibresystems BS 5266-5: Specificationfor component parts of optical fibresystems BS 5266-6: Code of practice for non-electrical low mounted way guidance systems for emergency use. Photoluminescentsystems BS 5266-8: Emergency escape lighting systems BS 5306 series: Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises BS 5306-0: Guide for selection of installed systems andotherfireequipment BS 5306-1: Code of practice forfireextinguishing installations and equipment on premises. Hose reels and foam inlets BS 5306-3: Commissioning and maintenance of portable fireextinguishersCodeof practice BS 5306-4: Specificationfor carbon dioxide systems BS 5306-8: Selection and installationofportablefire extinguishers. Code of practice BS 5395 series: Stairs, ladders and walkways BS 5395-1: Code of practice for the design of stairs with straightflightsandwinders BS 5395-2: Code of practice for the design of helical and spiral stairs BS 5395-3: Code of practice for the design of industrial type stairs, permanent ladders and walkways BS 5395-4: Code of practice for the design of stairs for limited access BS 5410 series: Code of practice for oil firing BS 5410-1: Installation over 45kW output capacity for space heating and hot water supply purpose BS 5410-2: Installation over 45kW output capacity for space heating, hot water and steam supply services BS 5438: 1976: Methods of testforflammabilityofvertically oriented textile fabrics and fabric assemblies subjected to a small ignitingflame BS 5467: Electric cables. Thermosetting insulated, armoured cables for voltages of 600/1000Vand1900/3300V BS 5499 series: Safety signs, including fire safety signs BS 5499-4: Code of practice for escape route signing BS 5499-10: Guidance for the selection and use of safety signsandfiresafetynotices BS 5651: 1978 Cleansing and wetting procedures for use in the assessment of the effect of cleansing and wetting on the flammabilityoftextilefabricsand fabric assemblies BS 5655 series: Lifts and service lifts BS 5655-6: Code of practice for the selection, installation and new lifts BS 5655-11: Code of practice for the undertaking of modificationstoexisting electric lifts BS 5655-12: Code of practice for the undertaking of modificationstoexisting hydraulic lifts BS 5655-13: Recommendations for vandal resistant lifts BS 5656 series: Lifts and service lifts BS 5656-1: Safety rules for the construction and installation of escalators and moving walks. Examination and test of new escalators before putting into service. Specificationformeansof determining compliance with BS EN 115-1 BS 5656-2: Escalators and moving walks. Safety rules for the construction and installation of escalators and moving walks. Code of practice for selection, installation and location of new escalators and moving walks BS 5656-3: Safety rules for the construction and installation of escalators and moving walks. Examination and test of new escalators before putting into service. determining compliance with BS EN 115-1 BS 5839 series: Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings BS 5839-1 Code of practice for design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of systems in non-domestic premises BS 5839-3 Specificationfor automatic release mechanismsforcertainfire protection equipment BS 5839-8 Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of voice alarm systems BS 5839-9 Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of emergency voice communication systems BS 5852: 2006: Methods of test for the assessment of ignitability of upholstered seating by smoulderingandflamingignition sources TECHNICAL STANDARDS 2022 A4 References © ABTT+CIEH+DSA+IOL +TT BS 5867-1: Textiles and textile products. Curtains and drapes. General requirements BS 5867-2 1980: Fabrics for curtains, drapes and window blinds. Flammability requirements. Specification BS 5900: Poweredhome-liftswith partially enclosed carriers and no liftwayenclosures.Specification BS 5925:1991: Code of practice for ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation BS 6004: Electriccables.PVC insulatedandPVCsheathed cables for voltages up to and including 300/500 V, for electric power and lighting BS 6180: Barriers in and about buildings. Code of practice BS 6206: Specificationforimpact performancerequirementsforflat safety glass and safety plastics for use in buildings BS 6262 series: Glazing for buildings BS 6262-2: Code of practice for energy, light and sound BS 6262-4: Glazing for buildings. Code of practice for safety related to human impact BS 6440: Poweredverticallifting platforms having non-enclosed or partially enclosed lift ways intended for use by persons with impairedmobility.Specification BS 6465 series: Sanitary installations BS 6465-1: Code of practice for the design of sanitary facilities and scales of provision of sanitary and associated appliances BS 6465-2: Code of practice for space requirements for sanitary appliances BS 6465-3: Code of practice for the selection, installation and maintenance of sanitary and associated appliances BS 6465-4: Code of practice for the provision of public toilets BS 6510: Steel-framed windows andglazeddoors.Specifications BS 6644: Specificationforthe installation and maintenance of gas-firedhotwaterboilersofrated input between 70 kW (net) and 1.8 MW (net) (2 nd and 3 rd family gases) BS 6724: Electric cables. Thermosetting insulated, armoured cablesforvoltagesof600/1000V and 1900/3300V, having low emission of smoke and corrosive gaseswhenaffectedbyfire BS 6798: Specificationfor selection, installation, inspection, commissioning, servicing and maintenanceofgas-firedboilers of rated input not exceeding 70 kW net BS 6880: Code of practice for low temperature hot water heating systems of output greater than 45 kW BS 6880-1: Fundamental and design considerations BS 6880-2: Selection of equipment BS 6880-3: Installing, commissioning and maintenance BS 7036-0: Poweroperated pedestrian doorsets. Safety in use. Code of practice for risk assessment and risk reduction BS 7121-1: Code of practice for safe use of cranes. General BS 7176: Specificationfor resistance to ignition of upholstered furniture for non- domestic seating by testing composites BS 7273 – 4: Code of practice fortheoperationoffireprotection measures. Actuation of release mechanisms for doors BS 7412: Specificationfor windows and doorsets made from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U)extendedhollowprofiles BS 7430: Code of practice for earthing of electrical installations BS 7540-3: Electric cables. Guide to use for cables with a rated voltage not exceeding 450/750 V. National standard cables not included in HD 21 and HD 22 BS 7671: Requirements for electrical installations. IET Wiring Regulations. BS 7801: Escalators and moving walks. Code of practice for safe working on escalators and moving walks BS 7863: Recommendations for colour coding to indicate the extinguishing media contained in portablefireextinguishers BS 7883: Code of practice for the design, selection, installation, use and maintenance of anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795 BS 7905: Lifting equipment for performance, broadcast and similar applications BS 7905-2: Specification for design and manufacture of aluminium and steel trusses and towers BS 7906: Use of lifting equipment for performance, broadcast and similar applications BS 7906-2: Code of practice for use of aluminium and steel trusses and towers BS 7909: Code of practice for temporary electrical systems for entertainment and related purposesNext >